2025, Vol. 7, Issue 7, Part A

Author(s): Archana Kumari, Mukul Sharma, Priya Sharma and Bhartendu Sharma

Abstract:

Neem (Azadirachta indica), often referred to as the "Village Pharmacy," is a multipurpose tree recognized for its extensive phytochemical diversity and broad-spectrum bioactivity. For centuries, neem has held a pivotal role in traditional systems of medicine, especially Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. Recent scientific investigations have validated many of these traditional claims by identifying a range of bioactive compounds in neem with potent pharmacological properties.

This review comprehensively summarizes the major phytochemicals present in different parts of the neem plant including leaves, bark, seeds, fruits, roots, and flowers. Among these, the most studied constituents are limonoids (such as azadirachtin, nimbin, and salannin), flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and steroids, each with distinct therapeutic actions. The bioactivity of these compounds encompasses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and insecticidal effects.

Tables included herein list the primary phytochemicals, their plant sources, and corresponding biological activities. Figures depict the structural diversity of major limonoids and their biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, this review explores extraction methods, compound stability, and current limitations in standardization and dosage.

In conclusion, neem is a reservoir of diverse bioactive compounds with immense potential in modern medicine and industrial applications. However, challenges persist regarding sustainable extraction, compound isolation, toxicity profiling, and clinical validation. Continued research on neem’s phytochemistry may unveil novel compounds and therapeutic avenues, advancing both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

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